An overview of the commercial mortgage

There are many reasons for buying commercial premises. For example, you may be starting or buying an existing business where the property is directly linked to the business, such as a hotel, a retail outlet or a takeaway. Or your existing business may need bigger premises to cope with expansion.

If you decide to buy premises you’ll probably need to take out a commercial mortgage. Mortgages are usually for 15 years or more and the property itself is at risk if payments are not made on time.

Commercial mortgages can be used for a variety of purposes, such as:

• the purchase of business premises
• extension of existing premises
• residential and commercial investment
• property development

Meeting the lenders’ criteria

Most banks and building societies offer commercial mortgages, but you must satisfy the lenders’ criteria. Some lenders may accept applications where there is an adverse credit history, but most require a positive personal credit rating and clear evidence that your business is creditworthy. Most will apply a loan-to-value ratio and will expect you to invest a proportion of your own money into the purchase.

The lender’s decision will also depend on your current business circumstances – a commercial lender will expect your business to be stable and profitable. They may ask to see your business plan and long-term financial projections, to assure themselves that your business has, and will continue to have, the ability to make repayments on the loan.

Some lenders impose restrictions on the uses of commercial premises and certain business concerns may be excluded altogether. For further information, read information about different types of commercial mortgages at the Decision Finance website.

The terms of a commercial mortgage will depend largely on the type of business you’re running and the type of premises or land you want to buy. This is a complex area and it’s essential that you seek specialist advice from your solicitor and probably a chartered surveyor.

Buying a home is a major achievement in most everyone’s life. Pride of ownership, tax breaks and equity are just a few of the many benefits you’ll enjoy with your new home. Your home purchase may also be one of the largest you will ever make.

During the emotional excitement of buying a home, you may encounter terms with which you are unfamiliar. For some, it can be bit embarrassing to ask what they consider too many questions. Others may make a note of their questions but simply forget to revisit those points. To ensure that you have complete confidence during your home loan process, invest a moment to read this report and become familiar with the concepts and terms you’ll encounter. Knowledge is power and the more you know the more successful will be your decisions and the more soundly will you sleep at night having made them.

Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM)
Also referred to as a Variable Rate Mortgage. A mortgage in which the interest rate is adjusted periodically based on a pre-selected index.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
An interest rate that reflects the cost of a mortgage as a yearly rate. This rate takes into account any points and fees and is based on the loan going to it’s full-term.

Assumption
An agreement between buyer and seller in which the buyer assumes responsibility for the seller’s existing mortgage. This agreement usually saves the buyer money because closing costs and the current interest rate, possibly higher, do not apply.

Buy-down
A method of lowering the buyer’s monthly payment for a short period of time. The lender or homebuilder subsidizes the mortgage by lowering the interest rate for the first few years of a loan.

Caps
A limit in the amount the interest rate or monthly payments for an adjustable rate mortgage that may change.

Closing
Also referred to as settlement. The meeting at the conclusion of a real estate sale in which the property and funds are exchanged between the two parties involved.

Debt-to-Income Ratio
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, which results from dividing a borrower’s monthly payment obligation on long-term debts by the borrower’s gross monthly income.

Discount Points
Prepaid interest assessed at closing by the lender. A point is equal to 1 percent of the loan amount.

Down Payment
Cash paid by the buyer at closing that makes up the difference between purchase price and the mortgage amount.

Earnest Money
Money given by a buyer to a seller as a deposit to commit the buyer to the future transaction. Earnest money is subtracted from closing costs.

Equity
The value an owner has in real estate over and above the obligation against the property. Equity is fair market value minus the current indebtedness.

Escrow
Funds given to a third party which will be held to cover payments such as tax or insurance payments and earnest money deposits.

Fixed Rate Mortgage
A mortgage in which the interest rate remains constant throughout the life of the loan.

Loan-to-Value Ratio
The ratio between the amount of the mortgage loan and the appraised value of the property.

Market Value
The price that a property could possibly bring in the marketplace.

Mortgage Insurance
Insurance that protects lenders against loss if a borrower defaults. This is required when the loan-to-value ratio is greater than 80 percent.

Origination Fee
A fee charged by a lender for processing a loan application; usually computed as a percentage of the loan.

PITI
Refers to Principal, Interest, Taxes, and Insurance.

Underwriting
The decision-making process of granting a loan to a potential homebuyer.

Variable Rate Mortgage
Also referred to as Adjustable Rate Mortgage. A mortgage in which the interest rate is adjusted periodically based on a pre-selected index.

Many consumers assume that “mortgage companies” are banks that lend their own money. In fact, a company that you deal with may be either a mortgage banker or a mortgage broker.

A mortgage banker is a direct lender; it lends you its own money, although it often sells the loan to the secondary market. Mortgage bankers (also known as “direct lenders”) sometimes retain servicing rights as well.

A mortgage broker is a middleman; he does the loan shopping and analysis for the borrower and puts the lender and borrower together. Many of the lenders through which the broker finds loans do not deal directly with the public (hence the expression, “wholesale lender”).

Using a mortgage banker can save the fees of a middleman and can make the loan process easier. A mortgage banker can give you direct loan approval, whereas a broker gives you information second-hand. However, many mortgage banks are limited in what they can offer, which is essentially their own product. In addition, if you present your loan application in a poor light, you’ve already made a bad impression. I am not suggesting you lie or mislead a lender, but understand that presenting a loan to a lender is like presenting your taxes to the IRS; there are many ways to do it, all of which are valid and legal. Using a mortgage broker allows you to present a loan application to a different lender in a different light (and you are a “fresh” face).

A mortgage broker charges a fee for his service, but has access to a wide variety of loan programs. He also may have knowledge of how to present your loan application to different lenders for approval. Some mortgage bankers also broker loans. As an investor it is wise to have both a mortgage broker and a mortgage banker on your team. SIDENOTE: MORTGAGE BROKERING. Keep in mind that mortgage brokering is an unlicensed profession in many states. If there is no licensing agency to complain to in your state, make sure you have personal references before you do business with a mortgage broker.

Choosing A Lender

Choosing a lender that you want to work with involves several factors, not the least of which is an open mind. You need a lender that can bend the rules a little when you need it and get the job done on a deadline. You need a lender that is large enough to have pull, but small enough to give you personal attention. And, most of all, you need a lender that can deliver what it promises.

1. Length of Time in Business

Since the mortgage brokering business is not highly regulated in most states, there are a lot of “fly-by-night” operations. Bad news travels faster than good news in business, so bad mortgage brokers don’t last too long. Look for a company that has been in business for a few years. Check out the company’s history with your local Better Business Bureau. If mortgage brokers are licensed with your state, check to see if any complaints or investigations were made against them. Also, ask for referrals from other investors and real estate agents.

2. Company Size

A company that is too big can be problematic because of high employee turnaround. Also, the proverbial “buck” gets passed around a lot. If you are dealing with a mortgage broker, it is often a one-person operation. Dealing with a one-man operation may be good in terms of communication if he or she is a “go-getter.” On the other hand, the individual may be hard to get a hold of, since he or she is answering the phone all day.

A small to mid-sized company is a good bet. You will be able to get the boss on the phone, but he or she will have a good support staff to handle the minor details. Also, a mid-sized company may have access to more wholesale lenders than a one-person company.

3. Experience in Investment Properties

It is important to deal with a mortgage broker or banker that has experience with investor loans. Owner-occupant loans are entirely different than investor loans. And, it is important that the broker or lender you are dealing with has a number of different programs. It is often the case that you find out a particular loan program won’t work, in which case you need to switch lenders (or loan programs) in a heartbeat to meet a funding deadline.

The mortgage business is a complicated and ever-changing industry. It is important that you understand how the mortgage market works and how the lenders make their profit. In doing so, you will gain an appreciation of loan programs and why certain loans are offered by certain lenders.

INSTITUTIONAL LENDERS

The first broad category of distinction is institutional versus private. Institutional lenders include commercial banks, savings and loans, credit unions, mortgage banking companies, pension funds, and insurance companies. These lenders generally make loans based on the income and credit of the borrower, and they generally follow standard lending guidelines. Private lenders are individuals or small companies that do not have insured depositors and are generally not regulated by the federal government.

PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY MARKET

First, these markets should not be confused with first and second mortgages. Primary mortgage lenders deal directly with the public. They “originate” loans, that is, they lend money directly to the borrower. Often referred to as the “retail” side of the business, lenders make a profit from loan processing fees, not the interest paid on the loan.

Primary mortgage lenders generally lend money to consumers, then sell the mortgage notes (in large packages, not one at a time) to investors on the secondary mortgage market to replenish their cash reserves.

The largest buyers on the secondary market are the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA or “Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA or “Ginnie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC or “Freddie Mac”). Private financial institutions such as banks, life insurance companies, private investors, and thrift associations also buy notes.

MORTGAGE BROKERS VERSUS MORTGAGE BANKERS

Many consumers assume that “mortgage companies” are banks that lend their own money. In fact, a company that you deal with may be either a mortgage banker or a mortgage broker.

A mortgage banker is a direct lender; it lends you its own money, although it often sells the loan to the secondary market. Mortgage bankers (also known as “direct lenders”) sometimes retain servicing rights as well.

A mortgage broker is a middleman; he does the loan shopping and analysis for the borrower and puts the lender and borrower together. Many of the lenders through which the broker finds loans do not deal directly with the public (hence the expression, “wholesale lender”).

CONVENTIONAL VS. NON-CONVENTIONAL

“Conventional” financing, by definition, is not insured or guaranteed by the federal government. Conventional loans are generally broken into two categories: “conforming” and “non-conforming.” A conforming loan is one that conforms or adheres to strict Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac loan underwriting guidelines.

Conforming loans are a low risk to the lender, so they offer the lowest interest rates. Conforming loans also have the strictest underwriting guidelines.

Conforming loans have three basic requirements:

1. Borrower Must Have a Minimum of Debt: Lenders look at the ratio of your monthly debt to income. Your regular monthly expenses (including mortgage payments, property taxes, insurance) should total no more than 25 to 28% of gross monthly income (called “front end ratio”). Furthermore, your monthly expenses, plus other long-term debt payments (e.g., student loan, automobile, alimony, child support) should total no more than 36% of your gross monthly income (called “back end ratio”). These ratios can sometimes be increased if the borrower has excellent credit or puts more money down.

2. Good Credit Rating: You must be current on payments. Lenders will also require a certain minimum credit score called a “FICO” (http://www.myfico.com).

3. Funds to Close: You must have the requisite down payment (generally 20% of the purchase price, although lenders often bend this rule), proof of where it came from, and a few months of cash reserves in the bank.

NON-CONFORMING LOANS

Non-conforming loans have no set guidelines and vary widely from lender to lender. In fact, lenders often change their own non-conforming guidelines from month to month.

Non-conforming loans are also known as “sub-prime” loans, because the target customer (borrower) has credit and/or income verification that is less-than-perfect. The sub-prime loans are often rated according to the creditworthiness of the borrower – “A,” “B”, “C” and “D.”

The sub-prime loan business has grown enormously over the past ten years, particularly in the refinance business and with investor loans. Every lender has its own criteria for sub-prime loans, so it is impossible to list every loan program available on the market. Suffice it to say, the guidelines for sub-prime loans are much more lax than they are for conforming loans.

A commercial mortgage is a loan made using real estate as collateral to secure repayment.

A commercial mortgage is similar to a residential mortgage, except the collateral is a commercial building or other business real estate, not residential property.

In addition, commercial mortgages are typically taken on by businesses instead of individual borrowers. The borrower may be a partnership, incorporated business, or limited company, so assessment of the creditworthiness of the business can be more complicated than is the case with residential mortgages.

Commercial mortgages are typically nonrecourse, that is, that in the event of default in repayment, the creditor can only seize the collateral, but has no further claim against the borrower for any remaining deficiency. Less commonly, the mortgage is supplemented by a general obligation of the borrower, which makes the debt payable in full even if foreclosure on the mortgaged collateral does not satisfy the outstanding balance.